Worsening of HPPD has reportedly occurred due to exposure to phenothiazines, risperidone, and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Treatments with some reported success include psychotherapy, behavior modification, the use of sunglasses, and at least 12 different pharmacological agents including clonazepam, benzodiazepines, clonidine, and a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. 2–16 participants), which precludes rigorous designs.
Accordingly, most treatment studies of HPPD are either case studies or involve very small sample sizes (e.g.
The disorder appears to be rare, given that millions of individuals have consumed hallucinogens relatively few cases of HPPD have been reported. The symptoms need to be persistent for a diagnosis of HPPD, as opposed to the transient experiences referred to as flashbacks. Storr, in Principles of Addiction, 2013 Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)Īccording to DSM-IV, HPPD is characterized by persistent re-experiencing of various perceptual symptoms that were experienced during hallucinogen intoxication. Overall, the understanding of HPPD triggers is limited because there is still no clear mechanism of LSD’s influence on the brain. Fortunately, the incidence of HPPD appears to be very small based on millions of hallucinogen users ( Nichols, 2004). Currently, there is no defined range of HPPD severity but this survey reveals the possibility of a higher rate of milder visual alterations with LSD use. Although these data describe participants who had used several hallucinogenic drugs, the prevalence of visual experiences in non-LSD users was 18.1% compared to 34.5% who used LSD. A web questionnaire with 2455 respondents enrolled from Erowid website concluded that 60.6% had drug-free visual experiences that resembled hallucinogenic effects but only 4.2% found them distressing enough to seek help ( Baggott et al., 2011). Although repeated use may increase the risk, long-term adverse effects can occur after only one exposure to LSD ( Levi and Miller, 1990). Chronic hallucinogen users may have an increased risk of developing HPPD.
Under current DSM-IV guidelines, HPPD is the return of physiological and psychological symptoms from the original drug experience without use of the triggering drug. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) or “flashbacks” is the only recognized long-term complication of hallucinogen use.
Mendelson, in The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System, 2014 2.3.3 Long-Term Adverse Effects
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